2017

KAYAMA Hisako, TAKEDA Kiyoshi≪Immune Regulation≫ CD4 T Cells, Xenobiotic Transporters, and Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2017-12-20
Publish Immunity(2017) doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.012

International researchers show CD4+ T effector cells express xenobiotic transporter Mdr1 in the presence of bile acids to maintain homeostasis in the small intestine

 Figure1.Mdr1 induced by CD103+ DCs mediates maintenance of intestinal T cell homeostasis in the presence of bile acids (credit: Osaka University) Click to enlarge


Our immune system protects our bodies from numerous pathogenic microbes and toxins in the environment. The system comprises innate (non-specific) and adaptive (acquired) immunity. When innate immune cells recognize pathogens, the adaptive immune system is called into action. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells, and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T cells, a type of white blood cells.

CD4+ T cells regulate/suppress immune responses through several mechanisms.“naïve” CD4 T cells can differentiate into one of several lineages of effector (Teff) cells, including Th1 and Th17. In disease-free state, Teff cells are tightly regulated by intestinal microbiota, which is the community of microorganisms that normally inhabits the digestive tracts of humans and other animals. However, when there is an accumulation of Th17 and Th1 cells in the intestine, the symbiotic relationship may be disrupted, leading to conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), a group of debilitating and sometimes leads to life-threatening conditions that affect the colon and small intestine.

While a great deal is known about the mechanisms underlying the symbiotic interactions between Teff cells and intestinal microbiota, far less is known about the interaction of Teff cells with metabolites, which are the intermediates and products of metabolism. This motivated an international team of researchers centered at Japan’s Osaka University to fill the knowledge gap, potentially yielding valuable clues for development of robust therapeutic agents against IBDs.

For their study, the researchers focused on bile acid, a detergent-like metabolite produced by the catabolism of cholesterol catabolism in the liver and deposited through the bile duct into the small intestine in response to food intake. Bile acids have been reported to induce oxidative stress in liver and epithelial cells by perturbing normal cell membrane architecture.

“We observed in mice that Teff cells upregulate the protein Mdr1, in the end portion of the small intestine (ileum) to maintain homeostasis in the presence of bile acids,” says Hisako Kayama, from Osaka University and author of the study recently published in The Journal of Immunology. “Notably, those lacking Mdr1 display mucosal dysfunction and induce Crohn’s disease-like ileitis.”

Mdr1 is an important protein that is extensively distributed and expressed in the intestinal cells. It pumps xenobiotics (such as toxins or drugs) out of the cell, and has essential functions in Teff cells during bile acids exposure, limiting oxidative stress, promoting survival, and suppressing inflammatory cytokine expression. The team noted the inhibition of bile acids reabsorption in the ileum restores mucosal homeostasis in mice transplanted with Mdr1-deficient Teff cells, which underscores the involvement of Teff dysregulation in the pathogenesis of IBD.

“We have also successfully identified a discernable subset of ileal Crohn’s disease patients who display marked MDR1 loss-of-function in the presence of bile acids,” Kayama adds. “As such, future validation studies of larger IBD patient cohorts is important to test whether an Mdr 1 loss-of-function is associated with a unique clinical course of ileal CD. Such knowledge may present opportunities for non-traditional, bile acids-directed therapy.”

 

 Fig.2. Bile Acid Sequestration Restores Mucosal Homeostasis of Mdr1-Deficient T Cells
(credit: Osaka University and The Scripps Research Institute)
Click to enlarge

Article: “The xenobiotic transporter Mdr1 permits T cell adaptation to bile acid reabsorption in the ileum”

Journal: Immunity
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.012
Authors: Wei Cao, Hisako Kayama, Mei Lan Chen, Amber Delmas, Amy Sun, Sang Yong Kim, Erumbi S. Rangarajan, Kelly McKevitt, Amanda P. Beck, Cody B. Jackson, Gogce Crynen, Angelos Oikonomopoulos, Precious N. Lacey, Gustavo J. Martinez, Tina Izard, Robin G. Lorenz, Alex Rodriguez-Palacios, Fabio Cominelli, Maria T. Abreu, Daniel W. Hommes, Sergei B. Koralov, Kiyoshi Takeda and Mark S. Sundrud
Funding: the Scripps Research Institute Florida via the State of Florida, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America, the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency; the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America, the Broad Medical Foundation of America, a Lotte Research Promotion Grant and the Nagao Memorial Fund
Summary: Few studies have investigated the interaction between intestinal T cells with metabolites. Researchers have now shown in mice CD4+ T effector (Teff) cells upregulate the protein Mdr1 in the ileum to maintain homeostasis in the presence of the metabolite bile acid. Mice lacking Mdr1 display mucosal dysfunction and induce Crohn’s disease-like ileitis. Their findings suggest that T cell adaptation to enterohepatic bile acid circulation in the ileum safeguards intestinal homeostasis.

Primary Keyword: Biology
Additional Keywords: Biochemistry, Immunology, Molecular Biology