In collaboration with the Department of Surgery, Osaka University (Profs. Masaki Mori and Yuichiro Doki), Asukai et al. studied the tumor immunology. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the expression of IL-6, IL-17RA, and peritumoral IL-17A significantly correlated with a poor outcome. Further, high preoperative plasma levels of IL-6 in patients with cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) corresponded with significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS). Our data suggested that IL-6, peritumoral IL-17 + cells, and IL-17RA expression are postoperative useful markers for predicting recurrence in patients with ICC.